Use of Virtual Reality-Based Games to Improve Balance and Gait of Children and Adolescents with Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) often experience motor skill disturbances, particularly in balance and gait, due to potential vestibular dysfunctions resulting from inner ear damage. Consequently, several studies have proposed the use of virtual reality-based games as a technological resource for therapeutic purposes, aiming to improve the balance and gait of this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the quality of evidence derived from randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials that employed virtual reality-based games to enhance the balance and/or gait of children and adolescents with SNHL. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across nine databases, encompassing articles published in any language until 1 July 2023. The following inclusion criteria were applied: randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials involving volunteers from both groups with a clinical diagnosis of bilateral SNHL, aged 6-19 years, devoid of physical, cognitive, or neurological deficits other than vestibular dysfunction, and utilizing virtual reality-based games as an intervention to improve balance and/or gait outcomes. RESULTS: Initially, a total of 5984 articles were identified through the searches. Following the removal of duplicates and screening of titles and abstracts, eight studies remained for full reading, out of which three trials met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review. The included trials exhibited a very low quality of evidence concerning the balance outcome, and none of the trials evaluated gait. The meta-analysis did not reveal significant differences in balance improvement between the use of traditional balance exercises and virtual reality-based games for adolescents with SNHL (effect size: -0.48; [CI: -1.54 to 0.57]; p = 0.37; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION: Virtual reality-based games show promise as a potential technology to be included among the therapeutic options for rehabilitating the balance of children and adolescents with SNHL. However, given the methodological limitations of the trials and the overall low quality of evidence currently available on this topic, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of the trials analyzed in this systematic review.

Correlation between body mass index and joint pain intensity with gait performance in individuals with osteoarthritis / Correlação entre o índice de massa corporal e intensidade da dor articular com o desempenho da marcha em indivíduos com osteoartrite

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) often have joint pain and are overweight or obese. Thus, the objective of this study was to observe whether there is correlation between body mass index and joint pain intensity with gait performance in individuals with OA. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, which evaluated 60 volunteers, being 30 with clinical diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis and 30 without the disease, of both sexes and aged between 50-82 years. Joint pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale, gait-related functional tasks using the Dynamic Gait Index, and the functional mobility using the Timed Up and Go test. RESULTS: There was a correlation between overweight/obesity and high levels of joint pain intensity (p=0.018), with worse performance in gait-related functional tasks (p=0.000) and with worse functional mobility (p=0.034) only for the individuals with OA. High levels of joint pain intensity also correlated with worse performance in the gait-related functional tasks (p=0.000) in the OA group, and also with worse functional mobility in the OA group (p=0.001) and also in the group of individuals without the disease (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: This study identified a correlation between overweight/obesity and high levels of joint pain intensity and worse gait performance in individuals with osteoarthritis. High levels of pain intensity also correlated with worse gait performance in individuals with OA.

resumo JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Indivíduos com osteoartrite (OA) frequentemente apresentam dor articular e sobrepeso ou obesidade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar se existe correlação entre o índice de massa corporal e a intensidade da dor articular com o desempenho da marcha em indivíduos com OA. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, que avaliou 60 indivíduos, sendo 30 com diagnóstico clínico de osteoartrite de joelho e 30 sem a doença, de ambos os sexos e com faixa etária entre 50 e 82 anos. A intensidade da dor articular foi avaliada pela Escala Analógica Visual, as tarefas funcionais relacionadas à marcha pelo Dynamic Gait Index e a mobilidade funcional pelo teste Timed Up and Go. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação entre o sobrepeso/obesidade e níveis elevados de intensidade da dor articular (p=0,018), com um pior desempenho nas tarefas funcionais relacionadas à marcha (p=0,000) e com menor mobilidade funcional (p=0,034) apenas para os indivíduos com OA. Os níveis elevados de intensidade de dor articular também mostraram correlação com um pior desempenho nas tarefas funcionais relacionadas à marcha (p=0,000) no grupo com OA, e ainda, com uma menor mobilidade funcional no grupo com OA (p=0,001) e também no grupo de indivíduos sem a doença (p=0,032). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo identificou correlação entre o sobrepeso/obesidade com níveis elevados de intensidade da dor articular e com um pior desempenho na marcha nos indivíduos com OA. Os elevados níveis de intensidade da dor também mostraram correlação com pior desempenho na marcha nos indivíduos com OA.

Does the use of a diving mask adapted for non-invasive ventilation in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in individuals with and without COVID-19 increase the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen? A randomized clinical trial.

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF); however, verifying the best interface for its use needs to be evaluated in the COVID-19 pandemic scenario. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) in patients with AHRF with and without COVID-19 undergoing NIV with the conventional orofacial mask and the adapted diving mask. This is a randomized clinical trial in which patients were allocated into four groups: i) group 1: COVID-19 + adapted mask (n=12); ii) group 2: COVID-19 + conventional orofacial mask (n=12); iii) group 3: non-COVID-19 + adapted mask (n=2); iv) group 4: non-COVID-19 + conventional orofacial mask (n=12). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was obtained 1, 24, and 48 hours after starting NIV, and the success of NIV was evaluated. This study followed the norms of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement and was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials under registration RBR-7xmbgsz. Both the adapted diving mask and the conventional orofacial mask increased the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The interfaces differed in terms of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the first hour [309.66 (11.48) and 275.71 (11.48), respectively] (p=0.042) and 48 hours [365.81 (16.85) and 308.79 (18.86), respectively] (p=0.021). NIV success was 91.7% in groups 1, 2, and 3, and 83.3% in group 4. No adverse effects related to interfaces or NIV were observed. NIV through the conventional orofacial mask interfaces and the adapted diving mask was effective in improving the PaO2/FiO2 ratio; however, the adapted mask presented a better PaO2/FiO2 ratio during use. There was no significant difference between interfaces regarding NIV failure.

Reference values for the cross-sectional area of the lumbar multifidus muscle in children.

BACKGROUND: The multifidus muscle plays a major role in the growth and postural control of children. Therefore, the reference values of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar multifidus muscle represent an important tool for assessing muscle development and the early monitoring of musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide percentile scores for the CSA of the lumbar multifidus muscle in eutrophic children aged 5 to 10 years. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational study, involving 736 children. An anthropometric assessment was conducted and ultrasound (US) imaging was used to assess the CSA of the lumbar (vertebral level L5) multifidus muscle. The CSA was expressed as percentile scores. RESULTS: The CSA in the boys ranged from 1.8 cm2 to 5.3 cm2 and in girls from 1.9 cm2 to 5.9 cm. The CSA in the 50th percentile scores of both sexes was 3.4 cm2. There was an increase in the CSA between 5 and 7 years old in both sexes. The CSA presented a greater variance in girls than in boys. After 8 years of age, the multifidus CSA increased in girls and decreased in boys. CONCLUSION: The present study has provided percentile scores for the CSA of the lumbar multifidus muscle for eutrophic children aged 5 to 10 years. An increase was observed of the CSA of the multifidus muscle between the ages of 5 and 7 years and there were no differences in the CSA percentiles in relation to sex. An increase in the CSA after 8 years of age was only observed in the girls.

Ultrasound findings in severe COVID-19: a deeper look through the carotid arteries.

Objective: To investigate vascular and perivascular abnormalities in the carotid arteries using ultrasound, as well as to evaluate their association with mortality and clinical variables in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study in which 53 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 were evaluated and underwent carotid ultrasound. We documented the carotid ultrasound findings in these patients. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, and imaging features were analyzed and compared by statistical analysis to detect correlations between them. Results: Carotid ultrasound demonstrated luminal surface irregularity in 29 patients (55%), carotid plaques in 30 (57%), perivascular infiltration in four (8%), and increased intima-media thickness (IMT) in 31 (58%). Of the 31 patients with increased IMT, 19 (61%) died, and the association between increased IMT and COVID-19-related mortality was significant (p = 0.03). Logistic regression showed that the risk of death was 85% in patients who had increased IMT in combination with acute kidney injury at admission or a history of chronic kidney disease (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, carotid ultrasound can show increased IMT, luminal surface irregularity, carotid plaques, and perivascular infiltrates. The combination of increased IMT and kidney damage appears to increase the risk of death in such patients.

Objetivo: Investigar anormalidades vasculares e perivasculares nas artérias carótidas por meio de ultrassonografia e avaliar sua associação com mortalidade e variáveis clínicas em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Materiais e Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, 53 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 grave foram avaliados e submetidos a ultrassonografia de carótida. Descrevemos os achados ultrassonográficos de carótida nesses pacientes. As correlações de características clínicas, demográficas, laboratoriais e de imagem foram analisadas e comparadas por meio de análise estatística. Resultados: A ultrassonografia carotídea demonstrou irregularidade da superfície luminal em 29 pacientes (55%), placas carotídeas em 30 pacientes (57%), infiltração perivascular em quatro pacientes (7,5%) e aumento da espessura médio-intimal (EMI) em 31 pacientes (58%). Dos pacientes com EMI aumentada, 19 (61%) morreram, com associação observada entre EMI aumentada e mortalidade por COVID-19 (p = 0,03). Um modelo de regressão logística mostrou que a probabilidade de óbito foi de 85% em pacientes com EMI aumentada e história de nefropatia crônica ou lesão renal aguda na internação (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Aumento da EMI, irregularidade da superfície luminal, placas carotídeas e infiltrados perivasculares foram encontrados na ultrassonografia carotídea em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 grave. O aumento da EMI associado a danos nos rins pode aumentar o risco de morte.

Ultrasound findings in severe COVID-19: a deeper look through the carotid arteries / Achados ultrassonográficos na COVID-19 grave: um olhar aprofundado baseado nas artérias carótidas

Abstract Objective: To investigate vascular and perivascular abnormalities in the carotid arteries using ultrasound, as well as to evaluate their association with mortality and clinical variables in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study in which 53 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 were evaluated and underwent carotid ultrasound. We documented the carotid ultrasound findings in these patients. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, and imaging features were analyzed and compared by statistical analysis to detect correlations between them. Results: Carotid ultrasound demonstrated luminal surface irregularity in 29 patients (55%), carotid plaques in 30 (57%), perivascular infiltration in four (8%), and increased intima-media thickness (IMT) in 31 (58%). Of the 31 patients with increased IMT, 19 (61%) died, and the association between increased IMT and COVID-19-related mortality was significant (p = 0.03). Logistic regression showed that the risk of death was 85% in patients who had increased IMT in combination with acute kidney injury at admission or a history of chronic kidney disease (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, carotid ultrasound can show increased IMT, luminal surface irregularity, carotid plaques, and perivascular infiltrates. The combination of increased IMT and kidney damage appears to increase the risk of death in such patients.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar anormalidades vasculares e perivasculares nas artérias carótidas por meio de ultrassonografia e avaliar sua associação com mortalidade e variáveis clínicas em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. Materiais e Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, 53 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 grave foram avaliados e submetidos a ultrassonografia de carótida. Descrevemos os achados ultrassonográficos de carótida nesses pacientes. As correlações de características clínicas, demográficas, laboratoriais e de imagem foram analisadas e comparadas por meio de análise estatística. Resultados: A ultrassonografia carotídea demonstrou irregularidade da superfície luminal em 29 pacientes (55%), placas carotídeas em 30 pacientes (57%), infiltração perivascular em quatro pacientes (7,5%) e aumento da espessura médio-intimal (EMI) em 31 pacientes (58%). Dos pacientes com EMI aumentada, 19 (61%) morreram, com associação observada entre EMI aumentada e mortalidade por COVID-19 (p = 0,03). Um modelo de regressão logística mostrou que a probabilidade de óbito foi de 85% em pacientes com EMI aumentada e história de nefropatia crônica ou lesão renal aguda na internação (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Aumento da EMI, irregularidade da superfície luminal, placas carotídeas e infiltrados perivasculares foram encontrados na ultrassonografia carotídea em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 grave. O aumento da EMI associado a danos nos rins pode aumentar o risco de morte.

The presence of migraine symptoms was associated with a higher likelihood to present eating disorders symptoms among teenage students.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between migraine and signs and symptoms of eating disorders among teenagers. And as secondary objectives: to investigate the prevalence of eating disorders signs and symptoms and to identify the prevalence of migraine among teenagers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was carried out in public schools which included adolescents aged 11-18 years, of both sexes. For eating disorders evaluation two self-reported questionnaires were used: Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and The Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburg (BITE). The presence and characterization of headache were verified following the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II). RESULTS: 607 adolescents (388 females) with mean age of 13.9 years (95% CI: 13.7; 14) were included. The eating disorders symptoms based on EAT-26 (p = 0.041) and the bulimia nervosa symptoms (p = 0.014) evaluation were more prevalent among teenagers with migraine compared with non-migraine. Also, in multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) to present bulimia nervosa symptoms is 1.85 times higher among females than males. And, the adjusted OR to present bulimia nervosa symptoms among teenagers with migraine is 1.51 times (OR) higher than among non-migraine. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of migraine symptoms were associated with a higher likelihood to present eating disorders symptoms among teenagers, especially in females, that was associated with a 1.85-fold increase in the risk to present bulimia nervosa symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, Evidence obtained from cross-sectional study.

Estudo de intervenção com escolares utilizando jogo de cartas "o enigma da pirâmide'' sobre alimentação saudável / Intervention study with schoolchildren using the card game "the pyramid enigma" about healthy eating / Estudio de intervención con escolares mediante el juego de cartas "el enigma de la pirámide" sobre alimentación saludable

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento sobre alimentação saudável promovido pela tecnologia educacional. Método estudo de avaliação de desempenho, do tipo quase-experimental (desenho pré/pós- teste). Participaram 204 alunos, com idade entre nove e 10 anos, de três escolas públicas, de Recife-PE-Brasil, em setembro de 2018. Observou-se o ganho de conhecimento pelo seguinte processo: diminuindo da Pontuação Média Observada após a intervenção (PMO-2) a Pontuação Média Observada antes da intervenção (PMO-1); dividindo-se o número obtido pela PMO-1 e em seguida multiplicando o resultado obtido por 100. Resultados antes da intervenção 16/204 alunos (7,8%) obtiveram pontuação ≥ 7. Depois da intervenção, 160/204 alunos (78,4%) alcançaram essa pontuação. A proporção de alunos que pontuou ≤ 5 passou de 49/204 (24%) para 1/204 (0,5%). Quatro alunos mantiveram a pontuação inicial. O ganho médio de conhecimento após uma única jogada foi de 38,5%. Conclusão estes resultados comprovaram a efetividade do jogo, e seu emprego promoveu a socialização entre os alunos.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the knowledge about healthy eating promoted by educational technology. Method quasi-experimental (pre/posttest design) performance evaluation study. test design). Participated 204 students, aged between nine and 10 years, from three public schools of Recife-PE-Brazil, in September 2018. Knowledge gain was observed by the following process: decreasing from the Mean Score Observed after the intervention (PMO-2) to the Mean Score Observed before the intervention (PMO-1); dividing the number obtained by PMO-1 and then multiplying the result obtained by 100. Results before the intervention 16/204 students (7.8%) scored ≥ 7. After the intervention 160/204 students (78.4%) achieved this score. The proportion of students who scored ≤ 5 went from 49/204 (24%) to 1/204 (0.5%). Four students maintained their initial score. The average knowledge gain after a single move was 38.5%. Conclusion these results proved the effectiveness of the game, and its use promoted socialization among the students.

RESUMEN Objetivo evaluar los conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable promovidos por la tecnología educativa. Método estudio de evaluación del rendimiento, de tipo cuasi-experimental (pre/postprueba). Participaron 204 alumnos, de entre nueve y diez años, de tres colegios públicos, de Recife-PE-Brasil, en septiembre de 2018. La ganancia de conocimientos se observó mediante el siguiente proceso: disminución de la puntuación media observada después de la intervención (PMO-2) a la puntuación media observada antes de la intervención (PMO-1); dividiendo el número obtenido por la PMO-1 y multiplicando luego el resultado obtenido por 100. Resultados antes de la intervención, 16/204 alumnos (7,8%) obtuvieron una puntuación ≥ 7. Después de la intervención, 160/204 alumnos (78,4%) alcanzaron esta puntuación. La proporción de estudiantes que obtuvieron una puntuación ≤ 5 pasó de 49/204 (24%) a 1/204 (0,5%). Cuatro estudiantes mantuvieron su puntuación inicial. La ganancia media de conocimientos tras un solo traslado fue del 38,5%. Conclusión estos resultados demostraron la eficacia del juego, y su uso promovió la socialización entre los estudiantes.

Correlation between musculoskeletal pain and stress levels in teachers during the remote teaching period of the COVID-19 pandemic / Correlação entre dor musculoesquelética e níveis de estresse em professores durante o período de ensino remoto na pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Introduction Remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic caused teachers to work under adverse conditions and sit in front of a computer rather than stand, which can lead to musculoskeletal pain and stress in this population. Objective To observe the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and its correlation with stress levels in teachers during the remote teaching period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out in elementary and high schools in the city of São José do Belmonte, Pernambuco state (PE). Sixty teachers of both sexes aged 18 years and older were evaluated. The Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms (NQMS) was used to assess musculoskeletal pain, the Visual Analogue Scale to quantify pain intensity and the Maslach Burnout Inventory to identify symptoms of stress and burnout. Results Seventy five percent (n = 45) of the teachers reported musculoskeletal pain, with a higher prevalence in the lumbar spine 68.3% (n = 41), followed by the cervical spine 45.0% (n = 27),thoracic spine, wrists and hands, both with 41.7% (n = 25). A positive correlation was observed between the presence of musculoskeletal pain and high levels of occupational stress (p = 0.036). Conclusion A high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was identified in teachers during the remote teaching period. The lumbar, cervical and thoracic spine, wrists and hands exhibited the highest pain prevalence. Teachers who experienced musculoskeletal pain had higher stress levels and there was a positive correlation between musculoskeletal pain intensity and high occupational stress levels.

Resumo Introdução O ensino remoto, ocorrido durante a pan-demia de COVID-19, levou os professores a trabalharem em condições adversas e modificou a postura em que eles ensinavam, passando da posição ortostática para a sentada diante de um computador, o que pode favorecer a presença de dores musculoesqueléticas e estresse. Objetivo Observar a prevalência de dor musculoesquelética e sua correlação com níveis de estresse em professores durante o ensino remoto na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal realizado em escolas do ensino fundamental e médio do município de São José do Belmonte, em Pernambuco. Foram avaliados 60 professores, de ambos os sexos e faixa etária acima dos 18 anos. Para avaliar a presença de dores musculoesqueléticas, utilizou-se o N ordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms ; para quantificar a intensidade das dores, a Escala Visual Analógica; e para identificar sintomas de estresse e esgotamento profissional, o Maslach Burnout Inventory . Resultados Setenta e cinco por cento (n = 45) dos professores avaliados apresentavam dores musculo-esqueléticas, com maior prevalência na coluna lombar (68,3%, n = 41), seguida pela coluna cervical (45,0%,n = 27), coluna torácica, punhos e mãos, ambos com (41,7%, n = 25). Observou-se também uma correlação positiva entre a presença de dor musculoesquelética e níveis elevados de estresse ocupacional nos professores avaliados (p = 0,036). Conclusão Observou-se uma elevada prevalência de dor musculoesquelética nos professores durante o período de ensino remoto. A coluna lombar, cervical, torácica, punhos e mãos foram as regiões com maior prevalência das dores. Os professores que apresentavam dor musculoesquelética relataram maiores níveis de estresse e houve uma correlação positiva entre a intensidade da dor musculoesquelética e níveis elevados de estresse ocupacional.

Repercussions of the Degrees of Hearing Loss and Vestibular Dysfunction on the Static Balance of Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the static balance of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) according to the degrees of SNHL and the function of the vestibular system. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public schools located in Caruaru, Pernambuco state, Brazil, with 130 children (65 with normal hearing and 65 with SNHL as documented by air and bone conduction audiometry) of both sexes between 7 and 11 years old. Static balance was assessed by a stabilometric analysis using a force platform consisting of the circular area of center-of-pressure displacement of the children evaluated in 3 positions: bipedal support with feet together and parallel (PF), tandem feet (TF), and 1 foot (OF), carried out under 2 sensory conditions each, with eyes open and eyes closed. After balance assessments, the children with SNHL received examinations of auditory and vestibular functions-through audiometry and computerized vectoelectronystagmography, respectively-to compose the groups according to degrees of SNHL and vestibular function. RESULTS: The children with severe and profound SNHL demonstrated more static balance instabilities than the children with normal hearing in 5 positions assessed with eyes open (PF, TF, and OF) and eyes closed (PF and TF). The same phenomenon occurred in children with SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction in all of the positions assessed with eyes open and eyes closed (PF, TF, and OF). CONCLUSION: The larger the degree of SNHL, the greater the balance instability of the children. The children with SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction showed the highest balance instabilities in this study. IMPACT: Children with larger degrees of SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction might require prolonged periods to rehabilitate their balance.

Prevalence, affected joints and intensity of the arthralgias in individuals in the chronic phase of Chikungunya fever / Prevalência, articulações acometidas e intensidade das artralgias em indivíduos na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic arthralgias caused in patients affected by Chikungunya fever bring repercussions that negatively impact the lives of these individuals. The primary objective of this study was to observe the prevalence, affected joints and intensity of the arthralgias in individuals in the chronic phase of Chikungunya fever. The secondary objective was to identify the factors associated with the presence of the arthralgias in these individuals. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that evaluated 80 volunteers, of both genders, with age range between 20-80 years, with clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of Chikungunya fever. The arthralgias were assessed using the Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms and pain intensity using the visual analog scale. RESULTS: 91% (n=73) of the sample reported recurrent arthralgias, at approximately 34.7±2.20 months, with a greater predominance in the morning (50.7%). The joints that showed the highest prevalence of pain were knees (68.8%), followed by the ankles (66.3%) and wrists (63.8%). Knees (4.81±0.40), ankles (4.66±0.42) and metacarpophalangeal (4.33±0.43) were the joints with greatest pain intensity. In addition to that, overweight was associated with the presence of arthralgias (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of arthralgias was observed, of a recurrent character and a greater predominance in the morning. The joints most affected by pain were knees, ankles and the wrists and arthralgias were more intense in the knees, ankles and metacarpophalangeal joints. Overweight was a factor associated with the presence of arthralgias in individuals affected by Chikungunya fever.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As artralgias crônicas observadas em pacientes acometidos pela febre Chikungunya trazem repercussões que impactam negativamente a vida desses indivíduos. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência, as articulações acometidas e a intensidade das artralgias em indivíduos na fase crônica da febre Chikungunya. O objetivo secundário foi identificar fatores associados à presença das artralgias nesses indivíduos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, que avaliou 80 voluntários, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 20-80 anos e diagnóstico clínico e/ou laboratorial de febre Chikungunya. A avaliação das artralgias foi realizada por meio do Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms e a intensidade das dores pela escala analógica visual. RESULTADOS: 91% (n=73) da amostra relataram artralgias persistentes, a cerca de 34,7±2,20 meses, com maior predomínio pela manhã (50,7%). As articulações que apresentaram maior prevalência das dores foram joelhos (68,8%), tornozelos (66,3%) e os punhos (63,8%). Joelhos (4,81±0,40), tornozelos (4,66±0,42) e as metacarpofalangeanas (4,33±0,43) foram as articulações com maior intensidade das dores e o sobrepeso foi um fator associado à presença das artralgias (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Foi observada uma elevada prevalência das artralgias, de caráter recorrente e maior predomínio pela manhã. As articulações mais acometidas pelas dores foram joelhos, tornozelos e os punhos e as artralgias foram mais intensas nos joelhos, tornozelos e metacarpofalangeanas. O sobrepeso foi um fator associado à presença das artralgias nos indivíduos acometidos pela febre Chikungunya.

Prevalence and associated factors with musculoskeletal pain in professionals of the Mobile Emergency Care Service / Prevalência e fatores associados à dor musculoesquelética em profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The professionals who work in pre-hospital care are exposed to unhealthy environments, which can represent risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, the objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in professionals of the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) and identify its associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, carried out at three SAMU bases in Pernambuco. Ninety five professionals were evaluated, of both sexes and age range between 21-58 years old, being (n=36: ambulance drivers, n=38: nursing technicians, n=15: nurses and n=6: physicians). For the musculoskeletal pain evaluation, the Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms was used. To quantify the intensity of pain, the visual analogue scale was used. RESULTS: Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 71.6% (n=68) of the rescuers; of these, only 18% (n=17) mentioned that they already had these pains before their SAMU labor activity. Nursing technicians were the professionals most affected by the musculoskeletal pain (89.5%), followed by nurses (73.3%), ambulance drivers (55.6%) and the physicians (50%). The lumbar spine (53.5%), knees (32.6%) and cervical spine (30.5%) were the body regions most affected by pain and the female sex was associated with musculoskeletal pain presence (p=0.024). CONCLUSION: High musculoskeletal pain prevalence was observed among professionals of SAMU, especially in the nursing professionals. In addition, the female sex was shown to be a factor associated with musculoskeletal pain presence in this group of professionals.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os profissionais do atendimento pré-hospitalar estão expostos a ambientes insalubres, que podem representar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar a prevalência de dor musculoesquelética em profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) e seus fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado em três bases do SAMU de Pernambuco. Foram avaliados 95 profissionais, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 21 e 58 anos, sendo (n=36: condutores socorristas, n=38: técnicos de enfermagem, n=15: enfermeiros e n=6: médicos). Para a avaliação da dor musculoesquelética foi utilizado o Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Symptoms e, para quantificar a intensidade das dores, a escala analógica visual. RESULTADOS: As dores musculoesqueléticas foram relatadas por 71,6% (n=68) dos socorristas, desses, apenas 18% (n=17) mencionaram que já apresentavam tais dores antes das suas atividades laborais no SAMU. Os técnicos de enfermagem foram os profissionais mais acometidos pelas dores musculoesqueléticas (89,5%), seguidos dos enfermeiros (73,3%), dos condutores socorristas (55,6%) e médicos (50%). A coluna lombar (53,5%), os joelhos (32,6%) e a coluna cervical (30,5%) foram regiões corporais mais acometidas pelas dores e o sexo feminino foi um fator associado à presença das dores musculoesqueléticas (p=0,024). CONCLUSÃO: Foi observada elevada prevalência de dor musculoesquelética nos profissionais do SAMU avaliados, sobretudo nos profissionais de enfermagem, Além disso, o sexo feminino foi um fator associado à presença de dor musculoesquelética nesse grupo de profissionais.

Alimentação saudável relacionada ao comportamento alimentar e à condição social / Healthy eating related to feeding behavior and social status / Alimentación saludable relacionada com el comportamiento alimentario y la condición social

Objetivos: elaborar os Indicadores Compostos de Condição Social e Alimentar e caracterizar a população de acordo com as condições insatisfatórias/satisfatórias e não saudáveis/saudáveis. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, realizado com 208 escolares do 4º e 5º anos. Realizou-se a coleta por meio de entrevistas, abrangendo quatro indicadores para a Condição Social e dez para a Condição Alimentar. Apresentaram-se os resultados de forma descritiva. Resultados: nota-se, em relação ao Indicador Composto de Condição Alimentar, que a maioria dos pesquisados referiu gostar mais de alimentos e preparações alimentares saudáveis, sendo que a ingestão de alimentos e bebidas não saudáveis influenciou o resultado referente ao Indicador Composto de Condição Alimentar não saudável. Constata-se que a renda per capita foi o indicador que mais contrastou com o resultado obtido pelos demais; para se determinar o Indicador Composto de Condição Social, registrou-se uma situação socioeconômica satisfatória, tendo sido, porém, o que mais se aproximou das reais condições de vida dos escolares. Conclusão: observa-se que as condições econômicas das famílias que possuem uma renda per capita menor que um salário-mínimo/mês contribuem para os maus hábitos alimentares.(AU)

Objectives: to elaborate the Composite Indicators of Social Condition and Food Security and characterize the population according to unsatisfactory/satisfactory and unhealthy/healthy conditions. Method: This is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out with 208 students in the 4th and 5th grades. The collection was done through interviews, covering four indicators for Social Condition and ten for Food Security. The results were presented in a descriptive format. Results: it can be noted, in relation to the Composite Indicator of Food Security, that most respondents reported liking healthy foods and healthy food preparations better, while the ingestion of unhealthy foods and drinks influenced the result for the Composite Indicator of unhealthy Food Security. It can be seen that the per capita income was the indicator that contrasted the most with the result obtained by the others; in order to determine the Composite Indicator of Social Condition, a satisfactory socioeconomic situation was registered, having been, however, the one that came closest to the real living conditions of the schoolchildren. Conclusion: it is observed that the economic conditions of families with a per capita income of less than one minimum salary/month contribute to poor eating habits.(AU)

Objetivos: elaborar los Indicadores Compuestos de Condición Social y Alimentaria y caracterizar a la población según las condiciones insatisfactorio / satisfactorio y no saludable / saludable. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal realizado con 208 escolares de 4º y 5º años. La recogida se realizó mediante entrevistas, que abarcan cuatro indicadores de Condición Social y diez para la condición alimentaria. Los resultados se presentaron de forma descriptiva. Resultados: se observa, en relación al Indicador Compuesto para las condiciones alimentarias, que la mayoría de los encuestados informó que le gustan más los alimentos y las preparaciones alimenticias saludables. La ingestión de alimentos y bebidas no saludables influyó en el resultado referido al Indicador Compuesto de Condición de alimentos poco saludables. Puede observarse que la renta per cápita fue el indicador que contrastó más con el resultado obtenido por los demás; para determinar el indicador compuesto de condición social, se registró una situación socioeconómica satisfactoria, sin embargo, fue lo que más se acercó a las condiciones reales de vida de los escolares. Conclusión: se observa que las condiciones económicas de las familias que tienen un ingreso per cápita menor que un salario-mínimo / mes contribuyen a los malos hábitos alimentares.(AU)

Contract-relax technique compared to static stretching in treating migraine in women: A randomized pilot trial.

INTRODUCTION: Physical therapy is often used by patients with headache, including modalities such as muscle stretching exercises. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a pilot trial aimed at determining the efficacy of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) contract-relax technique compared to static stretching for treating migraineurs. METHODS: This pilot trial allocated 30 migraineur women (23 ±â€¯4 years) into PNF (n = 15) and static stretching groups (n = 15). The interventions were performed twice a week (16 sessions, 8 weeks). The feasibility outcomes included successful random allocation of 30 patients during a 12-month period, the proportion of eligible patients randomly assigned to each group, and the proportion of those who completed the 30-day follow-up. The outcomes of headache characteristics; medication intake; severity of migraine-related disability; neck disability; cervical mobility; pressure pain threshold; adverse effects and global perception of change were evaluated at baseline, after the end of treatment and after 30-day follow-up. RESULTS: The recruitment rate was 4.66% participants/month. The proportion of eligible patients randomly assigned to each group and for those who completed the 30-day follow-up was 88.23% and 100%, respectively. Both groups improved in headache-related outcomes. The perception of change was important for 67% of the PNF group and 47% of the static stretching group. No differences were found between groups regarding the studied outcomes. CONCLUSION: This is a feasible pilot trial. The PNF contract-relax technique was no more effective than static stretching for treating migraine, but both techniques improved the headache, the severity of migraine-related disability and the satisfaction after treatment.

Construction and Validation of an Instrument to Evaluate Knowledge on Healthy Eating in Schoolchildren / Construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluación de conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable en escolares / Construção e Validação de um Instrumento para Avaliação de Conhecimentos sobre Alimentação Saudável em Escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the content and appearance of an instrument to evaluate knowledge on healthy feeding. Materials and Methods: Methodological study of validation of content, appeareance with 22 judges, and semantic validation with 12 schoolchildren from 4th and 5th grades in primary school education, ranging in age between nine and ten years. The Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) ≥ 0.90 and the Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ≥ 0.80 were considered approved in the validation. The Binomial test was used through the p value of the proportion (rejecting the H0 if p ≤ 0.80) to select items that should be revised or modified (items validated at significance level ≤ 0.05). Results: The instrument was validated with S-CVI = 0.93 and I-CVI ≥ 0.80 in the 12 items evaluated, with the mean proportion of "non-discordance" among judges = 0.93. The instrument with the suggested modifications was submitted to the target audience and completely approved by all the participating students. Conclusion: This instrument can be used during the health education activities of the School Health Program and the Family Health Program to promote healthy feeding with children between nine and ten years of age.

RESUMEN Objetivo: validar el contenido y la apariencia de un instrumento para evaluar los conocimientos sobre la alimentación sana. Materiales y métodos: estudio metodológico de validación de contenido y apariencia con 22 jueces, y de validación semántica con 12 escolares del 4º y 5º año de la educación primaria, con una edad entre 9 y 10 años. Se consideró aprobado en la validación el Índice de Validez de Contenido a Nivel de Escala (S-CVI) ≥ 0,90 y el Índice de Validez de Contenido a Nivel de Ítems (I-CVI) ≥ 0,80. Se utilizó la prueba Binominal, a través del valor p de la proporción (rechazando la H0 si el p ≤ 0,80) para seleccionar los ítems que deberían revisarse o modificarse (ítems validados al nivel de significancia ≤ 0,05). Resultados: el instrumento fue validado con S-CVI = 0,93 y I-CVI ≥ 0,80 en los 12 ítems evaluados, siendo la proporción media de "no discordancia" entre los jueces 0,93. El instrumento con las modificaciones sugeridas fue sometido al público objetivo, siendo aprobado en su totalidad por todos los alumnos participantes. Conclusión: este instrumento podrá utilizarse durante las actividades de educación en salud del Programa de Salud en la Escuela y el Programa de Salud de la Familia para promover la alimentación sana con niños entre 9 y 10 años.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar o conteúdo e a aparência de um instrumento para avaliação de conhecimentos sobre alimentação saudável. Materiais e métodos: estudo metodológico de validação de conteúdo e aparência com 22 juízes, e de validação semântica com doze escolares do 4º e 5º ano do ensino fundamental, com idade entre nove e dez anos. Considerou-se aprovado na validação o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Escala (S-CVI) ≥ 0,90 e o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Item (I-CVI) ≥ 0,80. Utilizou-se o teste Binominal, através do valor p da proporção (rejeitou-se H0 se o p ≤ 0,80) para selecionar os itens que deveriam ser revisados/modificados (itens validados ao nível de significância ≤ 0,05). Resultados: o instrumento foi validado com S-CVI = 0,93 e I-CVI ≥ 0,80 nos doze itens avaliados, sendo a proporção média de "não discordância" entre os Juízes 0,93. O instrumento com as modificações sugeridas foi submetido ao público-alvo, sendo aprovado na íntegra por todos os alunos participantes. Conclusão: este instrumento poderá ser utilizado durantes as atividades de educação em saúde do Programa de Saúde na Escola e do Programa de Saúde da Família, para promoção da alimentação saudável com crianças entre nove e dez anos de idade.

Predictive Factors of Male Sexual Dysfunction After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study (Ethics Committee Number 973.648). OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the social and clinical factors associated with sexual dysfunction in men with traumatic spinal cord injury, as well as predictive factors for sexual dysfunction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Besides the motor and sensory loss, sexual function changes after spinal cord injury, ranging from decreased sexual desire to erectile disorders, orgasm, and ejaculation. METHODS: Performed with 45 men, with traumatic spinal cord injury and sexually active. Sexual function was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function and the level and degree of injury were determined following guidelines of International Standards for Neurological and Functional Examination Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Bi and multivariate analysis was applied, with a 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Forty-five subjects with mean injury time of 7.5 years (CI 5.2-9.9) were evaluated. Having a fixed partner is a protective factor (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07-0.92) of erectile dysfunction. Sexual desire is associated with the fixed partner (OR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02-0.66), masturbation (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.62), and sexual intercourse in the last month (OR: 0.13; 95% IC: 0.01-0.92). Ejaculation (OR: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00-0.15) and erectile dysfunction (OR: 15.7; 95% CI: 1.38-178.58) are associated with orgasm. Psychogenic erection (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01-0.69), monthly frequency of sexual intercourse (OR: 11.3; 95% CI: 2.0-62.8), and orgasmic dysfunction (OR: 7.1; 95% CI: 1.1-44.8) are associated with satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Fixed partner, ejaculation, masturbation are protective factors for sexual dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction, orgasmic, and infrequent sex dysfunction are predictors of sexual dysfunction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Validation of an educational tool on healthy eating for schoolchildren / Validação de uma tecnologia educacional sobre alimentação saudável para escolares

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to validate the card game The Enigma of the Pyramid about healthy eating, using judges (expert) for the validation of content and design; and the target population (students from the 4th and 5th grades, aged 9-10 years) for the semantic validation (pilot test). Methods The Item-Level Content Validity Index was used to verify the degree of agreement among the experts' opinions, item by item; and the Scale Level Content Validity Index to determine the arithmetic mean of the proportion of items that receive judgments of "non-disagreement" by the judges. The item that obtained Item-Level Content Validity Index greater or equal to 0.80 and Scale Level Content Validity Index greater or equal to 0.90 was considered validated, which was the coefficient of validity. The binominal test was used to select the items that should be revised/modified, using the p-value of ratio (reject H0 if p≤0.8). Items were validated at significance level of ≤0.05. Results Twenty-two judges and 12 schoolchildren participated in the study. Of the 23 items of the card game, nine were selected for review/modification, of which five were from the language component and four from the suitability component for the target population. Conclusion Once the modifications were made, they were all approved by all participating students, making this educational tool on healthy eating habits available for use with the student population.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi validar o jogo de cartas "O Enigma da Pirâmide" sobre alimentação saudável, utilizando juízes "especialistas" na validação do conteúdo e aparência; e escolares do 4º e 5º ano do ensino fundamental, com idade entre nove e dez anos ("público alvo") na validação semântica (teste piloto). Métodos Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Item para verificar a congruência de opinião dos juízes, item a item; e o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Escala para determinar à média aritmética da proporção dos itens que receberem avaliação de "não discordância" pelos juízes. Foi considerado aprovado na validação o item que obteve Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Item maior ou igual a 0,80 e Índice de Validade de Conteúdo em Nível de Escala maior ou igual a 0,90, sendo estes os coeficientes de validade. Para selecionar os itens que deveriam ser revisados/modificados utilizou-se o teste binominal, através do valor p da proporção (rejeitando-se a H0 se o p≤0,8) - itens validados ao nível de significância ≤0,05. Resultados Participaram do estudo 22 juízes e 12 escolares. Dos 23 itens que compõem o jogo de cartas, nove foram selecionados para revisão/modificação, sendo cinco do componente linguagem e quatro do componente adequação ao público-alvo. Conclusão Realizadas as modificações, foram todas aprovadas, e por todos os alunos participantes, tornando essa ferramenta educativa sobre hábitos alimentares saudáveis disponível para uso nessa população estudantil.

Balance performance of children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss: Repercussions of hearing loss degrees and etiological factors.

INTRODUCTION: Some studies have demonstrated a parallelism between the extent of hearing loss and the frequency of vestibular dysfunction in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Despite this, little is known about the repercussion of degrees of hearing loss and etiological factors on the balance performance in this children. OBJECTIVE: Compare the balance performance between normal hearing (NH) children and those with SNHL, considering the sex and age range of the sample, and analyze balance performance according to the degrees of hearing loss and etiological factors in the latter group. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that assessed 96 children (48 NH and 48 with SNHL), aged between 7 and 18 years old. The balance performance was assessed by the Brazilian version of the Pediatric Balance Scale, validated for Brazilian child population and the Mann-Whitney test used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The group with SNHL showed lower average balance performance compared to NH (p = 0.000). This was also observed when the children were grouped by sex: female and male (p = 0.001). The same difference occurred when the children were stratified by age group: 7-14 years old (p = 0.000). There were no differences between the balance performance of the groups according to the degrees of hearing loss (p = 0.236) and the children with prematurity or post-natal meningitis as an etiological factor demonstrated the worst balance performance. CONCLUSION: The children with SNHL showed worse balance performance compared to NH of the same sex and age range between seven to fourteen years. There were no differences between balance performance and hearing loss degrees, and those children with prematurity or post-natal meningitis as an etiological factor demonstrated the worst balance performances.

Static and dynamic balance of children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the static and dynamic balance performance of students with normal hearing and with sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS: A cross-sectional study assessing 96 students, 48 with normal hearing and 48 with sensorineural hearing loss of both sexes, aged 7 and 18 years. To evaluate static balance, Romberg, Romberg-Barré and Fournier tests were used; and for the dynamic balance, we applied the Unterberger test. RESULTS: Hearing loss students showed more changes in static and dynamic balance as compared to normal hearing, in all tests used (p<0.001). The same difference was found when subjects were grouped by sex. For females, Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger test p values were, respectively, p=0.004, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.023; for males, the p values were p=0.009, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively. The same difference was observed when students were classified by age. For 7 to 10 years old students, the p values for Romberg, Romberg-Barré and Fournier tests were, respectively, p=0.007, p<0.001 and p=0.001; for those aged 11 and 14 years, the p values for Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger tests were p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.015, respectively; and for those aged 15 and 18 years, the p values for Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger tests were, respectively, p=0.037, p<0.001 and p=0.037. CONCLUSION: Hearing-loss students showed more changes in static and dynamic balance comparing to normal hearing of same sex and age groups.

Static and dynamic balance of children and adolescents with sensorineural hearing loss / Equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de crianças e adolescentes com perda auditiva sensório-neural

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the static and dynamic balance performance of students with normal hearing and with sensorineural hearing loss. Methods A cross-sectional study assessing 96 students, 48 with normal hearing and 48 with sensorineural hearing loss of both sexes, aged 7 and 18 years. To evaluate static balance, Romberg, Romberg-Barré and Fournier tests were used; and for the dynamic balance, we applied the Unterberger test. Results Hearing loss students showed more changes in static and dynamic balance as compared to normal hearing, in all tests used (p<0.001). The same difference was found when subjects were grouped by sex. For females, Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger test p values were, respectively, p=0.004, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.023; for males, the p values were p=0.009, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively. The same difference was observed when students were classified by age. For 7 to 10 years old students, the p values for Romberg, Romberg-Barré and Fournier tests were, respectively, p=0.007, p<0.001 and p=0.001; for those aged 11 and 14 years, the p values for Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger tests were p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.015, respectively; and for those aged 15 and 18 years, the p values for Romberg-Barré, Fournier and Unterberger tests were, respectively, p=0.037, p<0.001 and p=0.037. Conclusion Hearing-loss students showed more changes in static and dynamic balance comparing to normal hearing of same sex and age groups.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de escolares ouvintes e com perda auditiva sensório-neural. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal que avaliou 96 escolares, sendo 48 ouvintes e 48 com perda auditiva sensório-neural, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária entre 7 e 18 anos. Para a avaliação do equilíbrio estático, foram utilizados os testes de Romberg, Romberg-Barré e Fournier, e, para avaliar o equilíbrio dinâmico, foi usado o teste de Unterberger. Resultados Os escolares com perda auditiva apresentaram maior ocorrência de alterações no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, comparados aos ouvintes, em todos os testes empregados (p<0,001). O mesmo foi observado quando os escolares foram agrupados pelos sexos. Para o sexo feminino, os valores de p para os testes de Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier e Unterberger foram, respectivamente, p=0,004, p<0,001, p<0,001 e p=0,023; para o sexo masculino, foram p=0,009, p<0,001, p<0,001 e p=0,002. A mesma diferença foi observada quando os escolares foram estratificados pelas faixas etárias. Para aqueles de 7 a 10 anos, os valores de p foram, respectivamente, para os testes de Romberg, Romberg-Barré e Fournier p=0,007, p<0,001 e p=0,001; entre 11 e 14 anos, para os testes de Romberg, Romberg-Barré, Fournier e Unterberger, foram, respectivamente p=0,002, p<0,001, p<0,001, p=0,015; entre 15 e 18 anos, para os testes Romberg-Barré, Fournier e Unterberger foram, respectivamente, p=0,037, p<0,001 e p=0,037. Conclusão Os escolares com perda auditiva apresentaram maior ocorrência de alterações no desempenho do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico que os ouvintes, do mesmo sexo e faixa etária.